International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS)
Journal of International Society of
Life Information Science (ISLIS)
Vol.32, No.1, March 2014
Abstract
[Original Research Papers] Peer-Reviewed
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.7)
- Telepathy in Connection with Telephone Calls, Text Messages and Emails
- Rupert SHELDRAKE
- Institute of Noetic Science
- Abstract:
- Telepathy in connection with telephone calls is the commonest kind of
apparent telepathy in the modern world. It usually occurs between people
who have strong bonds or emotional connections with each other, such as
parents and children, husbands and wives, and good friends. In experimental
tests in which subjects had to identify who, out of four callers, was calling,
the average scores were very significantly above the 25% hit rate expected
by chance. The callers were selected at random, and the subjects made their
guesses before answering the call. These positive results were replicated
independently at the universities of Amsterdam, Holland, and Freiburg,
Germany. Similar telepathic phenomena seem occur in connection with emails
and SMS messages. Experimental tests using all these methods gave significantly
above-chance results. Versions of telephone and SMS tests designed to detect
precognition, as opposed to telepathy, gave results at the chance level,
suggesting that the positive results in the telepathy tests were indeed
a result of telepathy rather than precognition. Automated telepathy tests
using mobile telephones now enable anyone to participate in this research.
These forms of telepathy have evolved in connection with modern communication
technologies and probably occur because people’s intention to call or send
a message can be detected telepathically before the call has been made
or the message sent.
- Keywords:
- telepathy, telephone call, email, SMS, short message service
[Case Study] Peer-Reviewed
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.16)
- Study on Macro PK with Shape Memory Alloy and Super-elastic Alloy
-Possibility of Civilian Science-
- Michiaki WATANABE1 and Hideyuki KOKUBO2
- 1Labo AP21
2Institute of Living Body Measurements, International Research Institute
- 3Institute for Informatics and Consciousness, Meiji University
- Abstract:
- Scientific experiments need expensive equipments generally, but it is possible to obtain scientific knowledge if various creative works are carried out even if there is no expensive equipment. The present study is an example of civilian science for psychokinetic metal bending (PKMB), so-called as spoon bending, which is a kind of macro PK phenomena. After discussions with observation, video records and electron microscopes, the authors executed PKMB tests using Ni-Ti alloys (shape memory alloy and super-elastic alloy). Result, deformation by PKMB was remained on samples of super-elastic alloy. It suggests a possibility to develop a new material which can react to macro PK easily.
- Keywords:
- amateur scientist, Ni-Ti, shape memory alloy, super-elastic alloy, spoon
bending, macro PK, psychokinesis
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.34)
- A case study of healing touch in community nursing
-Focusing on reducing pain, emotional distress, and insomnia – Keywords:
Abstract:
- Rumi NAKA1,2, Hiroshi AMANO1 and Takehiko ITO2
- 1 NPO International Healing Association for Nurses
- 2 Wako University
- Abstract:
- [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of healing touch
on a patient with Parkinson’s Disease (PD).
- [Method] A 74-year-old female patient with PD was assessed before and after a one-hour weekly healing touch treatment for five months to determine changes in specific symptoms.
- [Results] The effects of healing touch were found in terms of palliation
of muscle contracture, progress of psychological relaxation, and improvement
of insomnia.
- [Discussion] The effects of healing touch for patients with PD can be identified
in three ways, i.e., decrease of physical pain, reduction of psychological
burden, and easing a difficult lifestyle.
- Keywords:
- Healing touch, community nursing, Parkinson’s disease, palliative care
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.44)
- Tsunami and Nuclear Disaster on Children’s Time Perspective
-A Text Mining Study of Essays after the Great East Japan Earthquake -
- Takehiko ITO
- Department of Psychology and Education, Wako University
- Abstract:
- The purpose of this study was to examine the essays written by children
who experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake in order to clarify the
characteristics of these essays focusing on the difference between tsunami
and nuclear disaster experiences. A total of 161 essays written by school-aged
children were extracted for text mining analysis concentrating on their
expressions of will and want for the present and future. While after the
tsunami incident children mentioned the importance of conveying the crisis
experience for future generations, the children experiencing the nuclear
disaster expressed their want (desire) to lead a life free from restrictions
such as playing outside and meeting with friends and family from whom they
had been separated. Although the tsunami experience evoked children’s will
to remember the painful incident for the future, the children experiencing
the nuclear contamination evoked their wants about their present and future
life.
- Keywords:
- earthquakes, tsunami, nuclear plants, text mining, time perspective
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.49)
- Relationship between Age and Healing Power
- – A Study Using a Bio-sensor for Non-contact Healing The Second Movement
of Positive Psychology
- Eri MINAMI1, Takako USUI1 and Hideyuki KOKUBO2,3
- 1Yuria Psychology Support Office
2Institute of Living Body Measurements, International Research Institute
3Institute for Informatics of Consciousness, Meiji University
- Abstract:
- The authors discussed relationships among healers' properties and effects
in a healing test. They used cucumber pieces (Cucumis sativus 'white spine
type') as a bio-sensor in the healing test and measured the bio-sensor
responses using gas and fluorescence measurements (4 wavelengths). After
using principal component analysis to remove the measurement disturbance
due to the difference of healing ways, the authors found there was a negative
correlation between gas J values and healers' ages. This suggested there
was a relationship between healers’ healing ability and their ages (one
of the biological factors). However, it was considered that other measurement
disturbance factors, not only the difference of healing ways, should be
removed.
- Keywords:
- non-contact healing, principal component analysis, age of healers
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.56)
- Detecting a Difference of the Skill Level during the Long Breathing Exercise Method by Expiration Gas Analysis
- Shinji ISHIHAMA1, Kanako ISHIHAMA2, and Yukio TANAKA3
- 1Tokyo University of agriculture and Technology Graduate School
2Senzoku Junior College of Childhood Education
3Tokyo University of agriculture and Technology
- Abstract:
- In this study, about breathing quantity, breathing rhythm, and timing,
subjects performed simple and easy exercises while using the long breathing
exercise method, and we measured their breath with an expiration gas analyzer.
We got basic data about their breathing, and used the information about
the difference to describe a relationship to the skill level. The subjects
were one instructor and 7 beginners. The long breathing exercise method
is gymnastics performed with special breathing based on the Nishino breathing
method. We found that breathing rate was lower at Pre rest than Post rest
for the Expert, while it was higher in the beginner group. The expert had
a longer time in the Post rest after the exercise than the beginner group.
The amount of ventilation did not change in the Pre rest and Post rest
for the Beginner group, but it increased for the Expert. We thought that
ventilation efficiency was improved by practicing the long breathing method.
In particular, the expert performs deep breathing slowly by controlling
inspiration and expiration in Sokushin breathing, and we thought that the
Expert had harmonized movement and breathing.
- Keywords:
- Long breathing exercise method, Respiratory rate, Tidal volume, Ventilation, Inspiration, Expiration
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.64)
- Characterization of Various Stimuli with Fingertip Pulse Waves
- Yoshinori ADACHI1and Yukiko SASAYAMA2
- 1Chubu University
2Seinan Jo Gakuin University
- Abstract:
- Perception of comfort and discomfort is different from person to person,
even in response to the same stimulus. Further, effects of load by the
type of stimulation are different even in the same person. In this study,
we made a comparison to the resting state (sitting with eyes closed) using
fingertip pulse waves and or ECGs, when subjects were given 13 types of
stimulus (eye mask, light pulse, white paper, red paper, English-language
newspaper, cartoon, hard rock, classic, lavender, decimal subtraction,
and one leg up, walk, running machine). Specifically, we used LF/HF and
Wavelet analysis of time series data of the R-R interval; we attempted
to extract the features of the stimulus and the personal characteristics.
- Keywords:
- visual stimulus, auditory stimulus, olfactory stimulus, brain load, Exercise,
pulse wave, ECG
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.73)
- Does Every Sweetener Have Stress-Reducing Capacity?
- Shuichi HASHIZUME1, Kimiko KAWANO2
Hideyuki KOKUBO2, Mikio YAMAMOTO2, Hidetsugu KATSURAGAWA3
Akihiko KAMADA4, and Tsuneo WATANABE3
- 1Idea-Creating Lab
2Institute for Living Body Measurements, International Research Institute
3 Toho University
4Iritech Co. Ltd.
- Abstract:
- We investigated the ability of sweeteners to reduce stress using two psychophysiological
indices: skin conductance level (SCL) and heart rate (HR). Ten undergraduate
students participated in this study. After the exposure to stress by performing
the Uchida-Kraepelin Performance Test for 5 min and a mental calculation
for 3 min, the participants consumed various sweeteners containing starch
paste only (control group), sugar (sugar group), erythritol (erythritol
group), and saccharin (saccharin group) additives for 1 min. Then, they
were asked to relax by sitting still in a chair with open eyes for 10 min
followed by closed eyes for an additional 3 min. Based on the Russell and
Lanius model of the affective quality, only sugar among the three sweeteners
exhibited high stress-reducing activity. These results indicate that sweet
tastes do not have stress-reducing activity; however, sugar may have the
specific function to reduce the stress. The exact mechanism of sugar’s
stress-reducing activity is unclear; however, a possible explanation is
that glucose derived from sugar stimulates the transportation of tryptophan
into the brain, which is a raw material of serotonin with a stress-reducing
activity. In addition, sugar stimulates the reward system in the brain,
which secretes endorphins with stress-reducing activity.
- Keywords:
- sugar, stress reduction, skin conductance level, heart rate, Russell and
Lanius model of the affective quality
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.78)
- Changes in the Autonomic Nervous System with Taping on the Human Skin
- Akihiko KAMADA1, Kimiko KAWANO2, Saiko OGURA 3and Kenzo KASE4
-
1Iritech Co. Ltd. ,
2Center for Informatics & Sciences
3KISHIN Institute of Cure for Heart Body, and Qi incorporated association
4 Kinesio Taping Association
- Abstract:
- Muscle fatigue and a physical injury are thought to recover early by taping to injured region according to a kinesiology way of thinking. In late years these therapeutic methods as integrative medicine are searched for evidence in many countries. We examined the movement of the autonomic nerve by the difference of the region that pasted tape to a body by measuring pupil reaction(the reaction against the flash Light) and electrocardiogram(R-R interval) by a experiment that gave psychological stress, and analyzing it. By the difference of the region that pasted tape to a body(the surface of hand, the back of hand, stemocleidomastoid), we observed the tendency of the change of pupil diameter (from reduction to expansion and reduction ) and miosis rate (from increase to decrease and increase) and R-R interval analysis (the negative correlation of HF and LF/HF ). This observation result shows relatively that the case of the surface of hand increased sympathetic nerve action, and a case of the back of hand increased parasympathetic nerve action, and a case of sternocleidomastoid increased sympathetic nerve action.
- Keywords:
- taping、autonomic nervous system 、pupil reaction against the flash Light、
electrocardiogram(R-R interval analysis)the affective quality
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.79)
- The Usefulness and Practice of Examination of Near-infrared Sectoroscopy (NIRS) in Psychiatry
- Tomomi AKIYAMA and Mahito KIMURA
- Department of Mental Health, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusou Hospital
- Abstract:
- NIRS(Near Infrared spectoroscopy)is examination to assist for differential
diagnosis of depressive state in depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia
by the blood flow pattern at the time of a verbal fluency task. NIRS application
in psychiatry has been approved as one of the Advanced Medical Technologies
in 2009.
This presentation introduce about the practice of NIRS in our department, characteristics of the patients showing a bipolar pattern, comparison between healthy subjects with depressed mood and patients with depression. Additionally we introduce the NIRS data of post-stroke depression (organic depression) which is not the Advanced Medical Technologies.
- Keywords:
- NIRS, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, PSD, psychiatry, advanced medical
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.80)
- About the Importance of Inner Beauty - Natural Scientific and Humanities
Consideration for Growing out of from Pseudoscience -
- Takase ITO1 and Daiho SAITO2
- 1Japanese Society of Beauty for Integrative Medicine
2Youshou temple
- Abstract:
- Now, at the beauty and health business, many incorrect informations exist
and this situation is causing the chaos. For the development of the beauty
business and integrative medicine, we think that not only the medical experimental
study and outward beauty but also inner beauty from the point of nutrition
medicine and mentality is necessary. We think that the cause of the confusion
is, for example, if the dealers give products description of pseudoscience,
then the Japanese would believe them easily. They use such Japanese's psychology,
so at beauty business, many beauty products press the people to buy them
and such many fakes are being sold. As the result, they are bringing the
people great confusion. We would like to clarify substance of such pseudoscience
by natural science study investigation etc. In addition, we will elucidate
the psychology of such human (the Japanese) and describe how to conquer
fundamental inconsistency between the idea of beauty and natural phenomenon
of aging. We hope that these things produce opportunity to accelerate the
shift to next paradigm, namely, from recent concept "Beauty=Cosmetic
Surgery (Outward Beauty)" to "Beauty=Unlimited Possibilities
of Happiness"
- Keywords:
- Inner Beauty, Outward Beauty, Pseudoscience
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.81)
- An Experiment Concerning the Effects of the Repetition of Words of Happiness
- Akiyoshi OHSHIMA
- President, Word laboratories Inc.
- Abstract:
- 1.1. Purpose
In research of happiness levels, words of happiness were extracted using a sociometric method. An experiment was conducted to determine whether it was possible to reduce the dosage of high blood pressure medication for patients with high blood pressure via the repetition of these words.
2. Method
Under the rule of taking medication if blood pressure reached a fixed threshold and not taking it if it was below this threshold, patients' blood pressure was measured for a period of six months.
3. Conclusion
The subjects, who had been taking medication an average 14 days per month, were able to reduce their dosages down to three times per month. This proves the usefulness of repeating words of happiness.
- Keywords:
- happiness, word, blood pressure
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.83)
- An Experiment to Measure the Effects of Happiness Levels
- Akiyoshi OHSHIMA
- President, Word laboratories Inc.
- Abstract:
- 1. Purpose and Method
- 1) In this study, 13 words of happiness were prepared with an experiment then conducted and measurements taken to see if the level of happiness is improves by reciting these words over a one week period.
- 2) It is known that ideas often appear if the level of happiness is high,
but that was measured and verified over a period of several months.
- 2. Conclusion
- 1) An effect in which there was an improvement in the level of happiness was seen in over 80% of the 50 subjects.
- 2) The relationship between happiness levels, etc., and the amount of ideas is currently being measured.
- Keywords:
- happiness, word, idea
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.84)
Understanding of Phenomena during Energy and Spiritual Healing from the EEG Data of Theta Healing® Clients
- Tsuyoshi KUSHIDA1, Kimiko KAWANO2
1Yokohama Ryokuen Okanoue Clinic
- 2Institute for Living Body Measurements International Research Institute
- Abstract:
- In the field of Integrative medicine in European and North American countries,
meditation and hypnotherapy are already supported as well as psychotherapy
and counseling. On the other hand, so called new types of energy healing
and spiritual healing are not accepted yet as alternative therapies. The
support for such therapies is still low in the integrative medical field
in Japan. It is hard to prove the whole mechanism of energy and spiritual
healing by modern science methodologies. But it is possible to detect biological
data or physiological data as phenomena which could be happening to the
client and healer during a healing session. This kind of work can be the
first step for collecting evidence for the mechanism. ThetaHealing® is one type of energy and spiritual healing. It was developed in 1995
by Vianna Staibal who was working as naturopathy therapist. This time,
electroencephalograms (EEG) of 17 client subjects were measured during
ThetaHealing® sessions. These physiological data could help to give a good explanation
of phenomena during healing Keywords:
- Keywords:
- Energy Healing, Spiritual healing, ThetaHealing®, EEG(Elecroenchalogram), Phenomena during healing
[Research Papers]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.85)
- The Improved Mechanism of Accumulated Emotions and Traumatic State for
a Short Time
- Kazuya HASHIMOTO
- Director, Medical Corporation Syunhoukai Hashimoto Internal Medicine Surgery
Clinic
- Abstract:
- Emotions that are accumulated in the body block Qi energy flow. The blocking
of the Qi energy flow causes an unstable mood and may interfere with communication
among people and that often causes organic disorders. Severe stress or
uncomfortable experiences in the past cause a traumatic state, and panic
disorder and flashback phenomenon caused by the trauma cause problems in
daily life. The location and the spread of the accumulated emotion can
be detected by Qi resonance. And Qi resonance indicates that the traumatic
state has an emotional accumulation in the aura layers. The condition of
patients with emotional accumulation and occurrence of a traumatic state
has been improved at the author’s clinic within a short time. The author
considers the improved mechanism.
- Keywords:
- accumulated emotions, trauma, Qi resonance
[Workshop]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.86)
- Improve Accumulated Emotions and Traumatic State for a Short Time
- Kazuya HASHIMOTO
- Director, Medical corporation Syunhoukai Hashimoto internal medicine surgery
clinic
- Abstract:
- No freedom of the emotions accumuled in the body block the Qi energy frow.
The blocking of the Qi energy flow causes an unstable mood and may interfere
with communication among people and that often causes organic disorders.
Severe stress or uncomfortable experiences in the past cause a traumatic
state, and panic disorder and flashback phenomenon caused by the trauma
cause problems in daily life. The location and the spread of the accumulated
emotion can be detected by Qi resonance. And Qi resonance indicates that
the traumatic state has an emotional accumulation in the aura layers. The
condition of patients with emotional accumulation and occurrence of a traumatic
state has been improved at the author’s clinic within a short time. The
author will show the improved method.
- Keywords:
- accumulated emotions, rauma, Qi resonannce,
[President Lecture]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.87)
- Five Roles of the Serotonergic System and Self-Management of Mental Disorders
- Hideho ARITA
- Professor Emeritus, Toho University
President, Serotonin Dojo for Serotonin Activation
- Abstract:
- Serotonergic neurons (5-HT neurons), localized in the raphe nuclei of the
brainstem, project to broad areas of the whole brain including the cerebral
cortex, limbic system, diencephalon, brainstem and spinal cord. Activation
of 5-HT neuron system produces the following five effects. (1) An effect
on the cerebral cortex is seen that is related to a clear arousal level,
and characterized by an increased alpha band in EEG during waking. (2)
Improvement of negative mood (tension-anxiety), i.e., the anxiolytic effect,
is seen from POMS questionnaire scores. (3) Nociceptive response is modulated.
(4) Tension of antigraivity muscles is increased,. (5) A standby status
under sympathetic nerve dominance of autonormic nervous system, is produced
upon waking up in the morning. Previous studies by the author and others
demonstrated that voluntary rhythmic behaviors of a pedaling exercise,
“Tanden” breathing and rhythmic mastication enhance 5-HT neuron system
function. It is thought that daily exercises with those rhythmic behaviors
would mitigate the decreased activity of 5-HT neurons in depressive individuals.
- Keywords:
- serotonin, EEG, Zen meditation, autonormic nervous system
[Report of the Chairman of Board of Directors]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.88)
- Review of 18 and a Half Years of Progress for the International Society
of Life Information Science (ISLIS) and the Promotion of “Human Potential
Science” System and Self-Management of Mental Disorders
- Hideho ARITA
- Chairman of the Board of Directors & Editor-in-Chief,
International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS )1
Chairman of the Board of Directors, International Research Institute (IRI)2
Former Visiting Professor, Toho University
- Abstract:
- Eighteen and a half years of activities of the International Society of
Life Information Science (ISLIS) and the promotion of “Human Potential
Science” are reviewed since the Society’s Foundation in 1995. ISLIS has
sought and continues to seek the realization of the paradigm shift from
material-oriented science and technology to a new paradigm including the
consciousness, spirit and mind through research based on empirical and
positive scientific methodologies, and consequently, to promote the development
of health, social welfare, and education as well as social and personal
peace of mind, and to contribute to the making of a peaceful world, at
one with nature. Since the foundation of ISLIS, 36 Life Information Science
Symposia have been held and issues of The Journal of ISLIS have been published
regularly twice a year. ISLIS held the “Human Potential Science International
Forum” in Chiba, Japan in 2002, the “International Conference on Mind Body
Science” in Seoul, Korea in 2004 and the “7th Psi Meeting” was held in
August 2011 co-sponsored by ISLIS and the Facludades Integradas ‘Espirita’
(Curitiba, Brazil). ISLIS published the book Human Potential Science in
2004. ISLIS has a worldwide presence with 11 International Information
Centers and about 230 members in 15 countries. The 36th Symposium with
the main theme “Challenge to Unknown Science” is being held on 15-16 March
2014 at Toho University, Ohmori, Tokyo, Japan. The 37th Symposium with
the main theme “Science on Healing and Wonderful Phenomena” will be held
on 23-26 August 2014 at Masutomi Hot Spring, Hokuto, Yamanashi, Japan in
a camp format.
- Keywords:
- International Society of Life Information Science (ISLIS), Journal of International
Society of Life Information Science, human potential science, mind body,
parapsychology, qigong, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), integrative
medicine (IM)
[Educational Lecture]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.92)
- The Brain in Brainscience, Is it Whose Brain?: On the “Self-referential
Brainscience with Perspectives”
- Tsuneo WATANABE
- Emeritus Professor, Toho University
- Abstract:
- Many neuroscientists adopt the definition of the mind “one of functions
of the brain”. In place of this definition, based on a logical trick, I
propose a new definition: “mind is a phenomenon where one of functions
of brain appears to the brain itself.” This new definition is useful because
it facilitate us to be aware of the “problem of perspectives”. The methodological
principle of natural science is the objectivity (openness and repeatability
of observation). The methodological principle of human science, including
brainscience, is the consistency of perspective. A thought experiment about
the mind–brain relation is carried out within the strictly first-person
perspective, and some new idea about this relation is proposed.
- Keywords:
- mind as a function of the brain, mind as a phenomenon to the brain-itself,
“Is it whose brain?”, consistency of perspective, mind-brain problem
[Discussion]
(J. Intl. Soc. life Info. Sci. Vol.32, No.1, p.94)
- Towards a Coming Health Care
- Kazuhiko ATSUMI1, Ryoichi OBITSU2 and Hideho ARITA3
- 1. President Emeritus, Society for Integrative Medicine Japan (IMJ)
Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo, Japan
2. President Emeritus, Chairman, Board of Directors, Obitsu Sankei Hospital
3 Professor Emeritus, Toho University
President, Serotonin Dojo for Serotonin Activation
- Abstract:
- Modern medicine is definitely in the stream of Western medicine. Western
medicine has been logically organized on the basis of science. It uses
analysis in detail, based on evidence. It likes to give a name to each
tree and to examine each one in detail one by one, in order to determine
the state of a whole forest. It takes the stance that the forest can be
known by looking at each tree separately. However, reading the condition
of the forest with a view from a distance is also extremely important.
That is the way of Oriental medicine (Chinese medicine). Modern medicine
is beginning to suffer from its problem of “looking only at the tree but
not the forest". There are many cases which are unable to treat; even
the disease names are identified. Nowadays, medicine is required to restore
and maintain a person’s health rather than to cure the disease, targeting
one person with a mind and body. This is not the same as medical care for
disease. The integration of Oriental medicine and Western medicine is very
much required.
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Last Modified: March 16, 2014